Ranking the World’s Universities
A number of different systems exist around the world for identifying the world’s top universities. The most popular academic rankings systems used in Britain are the ‘Shanghai Jiao Tong University’ Academic Rankings of World Universities and the ‘Times Higher Education Supplement’ (THES) ‘Top Two Hundred Universities’.
The ‘Academic Ranking of World Universities’ is published by Shanghai Jiao University in China and ranks the world’s universities using a weighted system that includes research staff being highly cited in twenty-one wide ranging subject categories (20%), academic staff winning Nobel Prizes and Field Medals (20%), past graduates winning Nobel Prizes and Field Medals (10%), articles published in ‘Nature and Science’ (20%), the Social Sciences Citation Index, Science Citation Index and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index (20%) as well as the size of the university (10%). Because of its comparatively non-subjective method of analysis, the ‘Academic Ranking of World Universities’ have frequently been mentioned by The Economist magazine in grading the world’s Higher Education Institutions. The Shanghai rankings are however criticised for putting too much weight on the Nobel prizewinners instead of emphasising the broader impact of a university’s scientific and technological output. It is argued that this also results in skewing the rankings toward the scientific disciplines for which more Nobel Prizes are awarded. There are 3 Nobel prizes for the scientific disciplines (physics, chemistry and medicine), 1 for the social sciences (economics), 1 for the arts (literature) and the Peace Prize. Universities with faculty or past graduates who have won Fields medals for mathematics are also rewarded, but awards for similar accomplishments in the arts are not measured.
The THES World’s Top Universities are produced by the Times Higher Education Supplement (THES) and Quacquarelli Symonds (QS). The ranking system is weighed according to the following formula; peer review (40%), citations in academic journals per staff member for the previous five years (20%), academic staff to student ratio (20%), recruiter review (10%) and internationalisation of the university (10%).
The peer review involves selecting academics of equal numbers from Europe, Asia, North America and the remaining world who are also selected in equal proportions from engineering and IT, arts and humanities, social sciences, natural sciences and the life sciences. These academics are then asked to name the top thirty universities in their subject area. The peer review is formulated to find the most intellectually active universities.
The ‘recruiter review’ compiles questionnaire responses from 736 employers that have recruited from the world’s top universities.
The internationalisation of the university is given half it’s weighting from numbers of international staff and the other half from numbers of international students. Internationalisation frequently creates the most contention as academicians contend that it should not come down to university size, and the smaller universities lose points due to not having as many international faculty members or students.
No ranking system comes without its criticism. The growth of education as a worldwide marketplace and the resulting competition has created demand for a university rating system. A lot of universities around the world acknowledge the THES World’s Top Universities rankings and actively strive to improve their own place within it.
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